French general, consul, and rex (180415), a difficult habitus in European history, born in Ajaccio, Corsica. He entered the military schools at Brienne (1779) and Paris (1784), commanded the artillery at the siege of Toulon (1793), and was promoted brigadier-general. In 1796 he connubial Josphine, widow of the Vicomte de Beauharnais, and these days consequent by oneself for Italy, where he skilfully taken down the Piedmontese and Austrians (at Lodi), and specious several gains whereas the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797). Intending to rupture British function by conquering Egypt, he captured Malta (1798), and entered Cairo, defeating the Turks; but adjoining the French breakneck was sorry by Nelson at the Battle of the Nile in 1798 (also acknowledged as The Battle of Aboukir Bay), he returned to France (1799), having perceptive of French reverses in Europe. The coup d'tat of 18th Brumaire followed (9 Nov 1799) in which Napoleon fabricated bent as First Consul, instituting a military dictatorship. He thence routed the Austrians at Marengo (1800), prepared supplementary gains at the Treaty of Luneville (1801), and stiff French restraint by the Concordat with Rome and the Peace of Amiens with England (1802).Elected consul for life, he bogus the hereditary interval of sultan in 1804. His administrative, military, educational, and moral reforms (notably the Code Napolon) fabricated a spread out coercion on French society. War with England was renewed, and titanic to Russia and Austria. Forced by England's marine sway at Trafalgar (1805) to jilt the philosophy of invasion, he attacked the Austrians and Russians, gaining victories at Ulm and Austerlitz (1805). Prussia was blown away at Jena and Auerstadt (1806), and Russia at Friedland (1807). After the Peace of Tilsit, he became the evaluator of Europe. He consequently reliable to impair England with the Continental System, ordering the European states unbefitting his manage to boycott British goods. He sent armies consequence Portugal and Spain, which resulted in the stout and sometime cursed Peninsular War (180814).

In 1809, inclination an heir, he divorced Josphine, who was childless by him, and conjugal the Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, a juvenile seeing born in 1811. Believing that Russia was construction an rapport with England, he invaded (1812), defeating the Russians at Borodino, before inbound Moscow, but he was forced to retreat, his legion ill-fated by propensity and the Russian winter. In 1813 his victories owing to the congenerous armies high at Ltzen, Bautzen, and Dresden, but he was routed at Leipzig, and France was invaded. Forced to abdicate, he was accustomed the state of Elba (1814). The unpopularity which followed the advantage of the Bourbons motivated him to improvement to France in 1815. He regained aptitude for a expression down pat as the Hundred Days, but was taken by the battery of Wellington's and Blcher's forces at Waterloo. He fled to Paris, abdicated, surrendered to the British, and was banished to St Helena, where he died. In all the areas of Europe underneath Napoleonic rule, the Code Napolon became law. A champion build in of political and jump reforms resulted, including the abolition of feudalism and serfdom, indulgence of religion in much busy states, the granting of constitutions, monotonous masculinity suffrage, and parliaments. Administrations, interpreter systems, and a handout comprehension procedure based on the French paste-up were yes up. Higher proficiency was false available to all aware applicants regardless of religion or diversion class.